Research
The Uncharted Path to Carbon Neutrality
At the intersection of environmental sustainability and energy innovation, we’re dedicated to pioneering sustainable practices for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We’re using innovative approaches to entrap harmful gases, particularly CO2, in a solid state, while enhancing energy production from geothermal resources. This project, unique to New Zealand’s distinct geological landscape and active tectonic setting, will pave the way for innovative CO2 trapping solutions in New Zealand and beyond.
Overview
Reversing Carbon Emissions in Geothermal Energy Production
Challenge
New Zealand stands as a pioneer, charting an ambitious journey towards a low-emissions, climate-resilient future. Guided by legislation, the country has undertaken a bold and resolute commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. This goal has set into motion a significant pivot towards electrification, driving us to incorporate strategies that would enable us to reach a landmark 95% in renewable generation by 2035.
However, the path to progress is never without its challenges. New Zealand’s unique geological environment and active tectonic setting means that global practices can’t be directly duplicated in our context. This necessitates that we continually adapt and innovate, tailoring solutions that respect and respond to our specific geoscapes.
Our long-term target is to navigate a sustainable solution pointed towards the responsible disposal of 468,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, generated by geothermal power plants across the nation. These strategies, in essence, would not only tackle geothermal emissions but also seek to create a precedent for comprehensive, industry-wide sustainable practices across the board.
Solution
Geothermal energy isn’t just viable, it’s also reliable, forming the backbone of steady electricity output. The crux of our solution lies in an innovative approach towards minimising carbon emissions from geothermal power plants. Our strategy is to return the GHG back to their origins – the geothermal reservoirs – by capitalising on a process identified as reinjecting and mineral trapping.
This technique comes with the additional opportunity offered by the waste geothermal water, a potential means of dissolving and permanently capturing GHG before reinjection. We are developing procedures for non-ideal rock formations by introducing specific materials to the geothermal water being reinjected. The aim is to provoke the ideal fluid-rock interaction, initiating permanent storage via mineral entrapment where desired.
Every aspect of our research focuses on addressing the intricate scientific and engineering challenges involved in returning GHG to their geothermal sources and other potential underground locations. A critical component to this project is the dissemination of our findings to the wider community and establish a strong knowledge transfer to new end users. We’re unlocking the potential of Māori resources that have remained largely untapped, fuelling not just the technical research for ‘carbon-negative’ energy, but also underpinning economic growth, knowledge expansion, job creation, all while preserving our environment.
NZ Carbon Neutral by
2050
Renewable Generation
95%
by 2035
Dispose of Remaining
468,000
Tonnes of CO2/year
Increase Energy Supply
7.5PJ
Per Annum
Keeping CO2 underground in mineral form is important for long-term storage.
Vision
Extend our technology to dispose of greenhouse gas from other emission-intensive sources.
Benefits
Tech Enhanced Facilities
Incorporation of advanced laboratory validated technology within the surface facility of geothermal power plants and underground GHG entrapment targets.
NZ's First Field Trial
Conducting New Zealand’s first field trial, we’re pioneering in understanding rock-fluid interaction for optimal greenhouse gas storage.
Knowledge & Market Fusion
Leveraging NZ’s unique geological landscape, our research will foster new knowledge in GHG entrapment technology, driving its commercial viability.
Legal & Regulatory Framework
Creating a legal and regulatory framework and new de-risked opportunities for industry, iwi, and landowners.
Expanding Emission Solutions
Extending any proven technology to other conventional emission sources and providing opportunities for commercial consultancy for technology/IP transfer.
Decoding Geological Structures
Improve our understanding of deep geological structures such as faults/barriers.
Methodology
1. Examine
Reactive Geochemical Transport
Rock Properties / Fluid Interactions
Dependence on Pressures and Temperatures
Geological Controls on Fluid Movement
GHG Solubility
2. Investigate
Field-scale Reservoir Modelling
Automated Model Caliberation
Reinjection Strategies
Uncertainty Analysis
Mechanical Deformation
3. Implement & Integrate
Design, Construction and Operation of Facilities
Wellbore and Surface Network Simulation
Dependence on Pressures and Temperatures
4. Incorporate
Science Integration and Transfer
Coordinated Strategy Implementation
Revising Regional Policy Guidelines
Coordinate Maori Engagement and Opportunities
Bridging Science and Audience Understanding
Partnering with Māori
Māori have a deep and unique relationship with geothermal resources and features, and the activity around them because of their long habitation history and associated intergenerational experience and knowledge.
Our programme centres on a deep-partnering approach with Māori stakeholders, who will not only benefit from the programme, but also play a key role in providing context/knowledge to it. We will include mātauranga Māori in the performance and delivery of our research, develop more Māori research capability, and share learnings with relevant Māori groups and organisations.
Kaitiakitanga
Our research will incorporate kaitiakitanga perspectives and guidance to support the long-term, sustainable use of geothermal resources. Our approaches will be consistent with Māori data sovereignty, and principles for the implementation of sustainable business management.
Our Team
Associate Professor
Sadiq J. Zarrouk
Science Leader,
Principal Investigator
Dr Eylem Kaya
Leader,
Associate Investigator
Prof. Mohammed Farid
Science Leader,
Associate Investigator
Dr Bridget Lynne
Key Researcher,
Associate Investigator
Di Whiting
Research Operations Manager
Loretta Lovell
Key Researcher
Andy Blair
Key Researcher / Upflow
Aroha Campbell
Key Researcher / Upflow
Isabelle Chambefort
Key Researcher / GNS Science
Jimmy Yang
Key Researcher / GNS Science
Robert Reeves
Key Researcher / GNS Science
Claire Newton
Doctoral Candidate
Related Links
Galazutdinova, Y., Clark R-J., Al-Hallaj, S., Kaur, S., Farid M. (2024). New thermochemical salt hydrate system for energy storage in buildings. Energies 17, 5228
Altar, D. E., Kaya, E., Zarrouk, S., Chambefort, I. (2024). Natural state geothermal reservoir modelling: mineralogical and geochemical evolution perspective. Geothermics 123:103132.
Rangel-Arista, J A, Zarrouk, S.J., Kaya, E. (2024). Temperature transient analysis: Static formation temperature testes (SFTT) an overview. Geothermics 122:103058.
Yan, T-H.J., Chambefort, I., Rowe, M., Mazot A., Seward, A., Werner, C., Fischer, T., Seastres, J., Siega, F., Macdonald, N., Brakenrig, T., Coup, L., Sander, F. (2024). Variability in surface CO2 flux: Implication for monitoring surface emission from geothermal fields. Geothermics 120:102981.
Primary Investor
Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment
We value MBIE’s continuous support in our geothermal research. Their substantial contribution has been instrumental as we push boundaries and pioneer advancements in GHG sequestration.
Partner with Us
Interested in shaping the future of geothermal energy with us?
We believe in the power of collaboration and look forward to embarking on this journey together. Get in touch and let’s explore how we can work together.
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Geothermal Institute
Level 3, 70 Symonds Street,
Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
geothermal@auckland.ac.nz