Research

The Uncharted Path to Carbon Neutrality

At the intersection of environmental sustainability and energy innovation, we’re dedicated to pioneering sustainable practices for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We’re using innovative approaches to entrap harmful gases, particularly CO2, in a solid state, while enhancing energy production from geothermal resources. This project, unique to New Zealand’s distinct geological landscape and active tectonic setting, will pave the way for innovative CO2 trapping solutions in New Zealand and beyond.

Overview

Reversing Carbon Emissions in Geothermal Energy Production

Challenge

New Zealand stands as a pioneer, charting an ambitious journey towards a low-emissions, climate-resilient future. Guided by legislation, the country has undertaken a bold and resolute commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. This goal has set into motion a significant pivot towards electrification, driving us to incorporate strategies that would enable us to reach a landmark 95% in renewable generation by 2035.

However, the path to progress is never without its challenges. New Zealand’s unique geological environment and active tectonic setting means that global practices can’t be directly duplicated in our context. This necessitates that we continually adapt and innovate, tailoring solutions that respect and respond to our specific geoscapes.

Our long-term target is to navigate a sustainable solution pointed towards the responsible disposal of 468,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, generated by geothermal power plants across the nation. These strategies, in essence, would not only tackle geothermal emissions but also seek to create a precedent for comprehensive, industry-wide sustainable practices across the board.

Solution

Geothermal energy isn’t just viable, it’s also reliable, forming the backbone of steady electricity output. The crux of our solution lies in an innovative approach towards minimising carbon emissions from geothermal power plants. Our strategy is to return the GHG back to their origins – the geothermal reservoirs – by capitalising on a process identified as reinjecting and mineral trapping.

This technique comes with the additional opportunity offered by the waste geothermal water, a potential means of dissolving and permanently capturing GHG before reinjection. We are developing procedures for non-ideal rock formations by introducing specific materials to the geothermal water being reinjected. The aim is to provoke the ideal fluid-rock interaction, initiating permanent storage via mineral entrapment where desired.

Every aspect of our research focuses on addressing the intricate scientific and engineering challenges involved in returning GHG to their geothermal sources and other potential underground locations. A critical component to this project is the dissemination of our findings to the wider community and establish a strong knowledge transfer to new end users. We’re unlocking the potential of Māori resources that have remained largely untapped, fuelling not just the technical research for ‘carbon-negative’ energy, but also underpinning economic growth, knowledge expansion, job creation, all while preserving our environment.

NZ Carbon Neutral by

2050

Renewable Generation

95%

by 2035

Dispose of Remaining

468,000

Tonnes of CO2/year

Increase Energy Supply

7.5PJ

Per Annum

Keeping CO2 underground in mineral form is important for long-term storage.

Preparing the RCE core for the compressibility and CO2 experiments. Image by Geothermal Institute.
Micro-CT scans of the RCE sample by the Geothermal Institute.
Micro-CT scans of the RCE sample by the Geothermal Institute.

Vision

Extend our technology to dispose of greenhouse gas from other emission-intensive sources.

Benefits

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Tech Enhanced Facilities

Incorporation of advanced laboratory validated technology within the surface facility of geothermal power plants and underground GHG entrapment targets.

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NZ's First Field Trial

Conducting New Zealand’s first field trial, we’re pioneering in understanding rock-fluid interaction for optimal greenhouse gas storage.

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Knowledge & Market Fusion

Leveraging NZ’s unique geological landscape, our research will foster new knowledge in GHG entrapment technology, driving its commercial viability.

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Legal & Regulatory Framework

Creating a legal and regulatory framework and new de-risked opportunities for industry, iwi, and landowners.

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Expanding Emission Solutions

Extending any proven technology to other conventional emission sources and providing opportunities for commercial consultancy for technology/IP transfer.

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Decoding Geological Structures

Improve our understanding of deep geological structures such as faults/barriers.

Methodology

Diagram of RCE research methods and their connectivity.
1. Examine
Reactive Geochemical Transport
Rock Properties / Fluid Interactions
Dependence on Pressures and Temperatures
Geological Controls on Fluid Movement
GHG Solubility
2. Investigate
Field-scale Reservoir Modelling
Automated Model Caliberation
Reinjection Strategies
Uncertainty Analysis
Mechanical Deformation
3. Implement & Integrate
Design, Construction and Operation of Facilities
Wellbore and Surface Network Simulation
Dependence on Pressures and Temperatures
4. Incorporate
Science Integration and Transfer
Coordinated Strategy Implementation
Revising Regional Policy Guidelines
Coordinate Maori Engagement and Opportunities
Bridging Science and Audience Understanding

Gallery

Cropped image of Wai-O-Tapu
Photo of glowing powerlines
Philosophical image
Te Puia Hangi Pataka Kai

Partnering with Māori 

Māori have a deep and unique relationship with geothermal resources and features, and the activity around them because of their long habitation history and associated intergenerational experience and knowledge.

Our programme centres on a deep-partnering approach with Māori stakeholders, who will not only benefit from the programme, but also play a key role in providing context/knowledge to it. We will include mātauranga Māori in the performance and delivery of our research, develop more Māori research capability, and share learnings with relevant Māori groups and organisations.

Kaitiakitanga

Our research will incorporate kaitiakitanga perspectives and guidance to support the long-term, sustainable use of geothermal resources. Our approaches will be consistent with Māori data sovereignty, and principles for the implementation of sustainable business management.

Wanaka Landscape by Travis Hayto

Our Team

Photo of Associate Professor Sadiq Zarrouk.

Associate Professor
Sadiq J. Zarrouk

Science Leader,
Principal Investigator

Photo of Dr Eylem Kaya

Dr Eylem Kaya

Leader,
Associate Investigator

Mohammed Farid portrait

Prof. Mohammed Farid

Science Leader,
Associate Investigator

Dr Bridget Lynne portrait

Dr Bridget Lynne

Key Researcher,
Associate Investigator

Photo of Di Whiting

Di Whiting

Research Operations Manager

Loretta Lovell portrait

Loretta Lovell

Key Researcher

Andy Blair portrait

Andy Blair

Key Researcher / Upflow

Aroha Campbell portrait

Aroha Campbell

Key Researcher / Upflow

Isabelle Chambefort portrait

Isabelle Chambefort

Key Researcher / GNS Science

Jimmy Yang portrait

Jimmy Yang

Key Researcher / GNS Science

Rober Reeves portrait

Robert Reeves

Key Researcher / GNS Science

Claire Newton portrait

Claire Newton

Doctoral Candidate

Related Links

Galazutdinova, Y., Clark R-J., Al-Hallaj, S., Kaur, S., Farid M. (2024). New thermochemical salt hydrate system for energy storage in buildings. Energies 17, 5228

Altar, D. E., Kaya, E., Zarrouk, S., Chambefort, I. (2024). Natural state geothermal reservoir modelling: mineralogical and geochemical evolution perspective. Geothermics 123:103132.

Rangel-Arista, J A, Zarrouk, S.J., Kaya, E. (2024). Temperature transient analysis: Static formation temperature testes (SFTT) an overview. Geothermics 122:103058.

Yan, T-H.J., Chambefort, I., Rowe, M., Mazot A., Seward, A., Werner, C., Fischer, T., Seastres, J., Siega, F., Macdonald, N., Brakenrig, T., Coup, L., Sander, F. (2024). Variability in surface CO2 flux: Implication for monitoring surface emission from geothermal fields. Geothermics 120:102981.

Primary Investor

MBIE banner

Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment

We value MBIE’s continuous support in our geothermal research. Their substantial contribution has been instrumental as we push boundaries and pioneer advancements in GHG sequestration.

Our Partners

GNS logo
Lovell & Associates logo
Upflow logo
University of Tulsa logo
Waikato Regional Council logo
MB Century Logo
Bay of Plenty Regional Council logo
Zorlu Enerji logo
University of Bologna logo
ETH Zurich University logo
Contact Energy logo
Ngati Tuwharetoa Geothermal Assets Ltd. logo
Mercury Energy logo
Pertamina Geothermal Energy Logo
New Zealand Geothermal Association logo

Partner with Us

Interested in shaping the future of geothermal energy with us?
We believe in the power of collaboration and look forward to embarking on this journey together. Get in touch and let’s explore how we can work together.

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Geothermal Institute
Level 3, 70 Symonds Street, 
Grafton, Auckland, New Zealand
geothermal@auckland.ac.nz